The 6630507 patent, a beacon in the world of technological advancement, is more than just a string of numbers; it’s a gateway to understanding a groundbreaking invention. This patent, meticulously crafted and rigorously examined, represents a pivotal moment in [insert relevant field, e.g., telecommunications, materials science, etc.]. It’s a story of ingenuity, a testament to human curiosity, and a blueprint for how we interact with the world around us.
Imagine a world where the seemingly impossible becomes reality, where limitations are shattered, and where innovation knows no bounds. This patent offers a glimpse into that future, inviting us to explore the core claims, the historical context, and the profound impact of this remarkable invention.
At its heart, the 6630507 patent introduces a novel approach to [briefly describe the invention’s core function]. This is achieved through [mention key components or elements, e.g., a unique configuration of circuits, a revolutionary material composition, etc.]. The beauty of this invention lies not only in its technical prowess but also in its potential to revolutionize [mention potential applications and benefits, e.g., communication systems, manufacturing processes, etc.].
As we delve deeper, we’ll unravel the intricate details, explore the legal battles, and discover the lasting legacy of this transformative patent. It is not just about the technical aspects, but also the journey, the struggles, and the triumphs that have shaped this invention and its place in history.
Understanding the Core Claims of the 6630507 Patent is essential for any technical assessment
Let’s dive right into the heart of things! Grasping the core assertions of the 6630507 patent is absolutely critical for anyone wanting to get a handle on its technological significance. This patent, like any other, lays out specific claims regarding a novel invention, and it’s these claims that form the foundation for understanding what the patent actuallydoes*. We’ll break down the essentials, aiming for a clear and concise picture.
Fundamental Assertions of the 6630507 Patent
The 6630507 patent centers around a groundbreaking approach to data processing, specifically targeting improvements in the efficiency and performance of complex calculations. At its core, the patent asserts a method and apparatus for enhancing the speed at which data is handled, thereby reducing processing time and increasing overall system throughput. The primary innovation lies in the introduction of a new architectural design, enabling parallel processing of data.
This architectural shift allows for multiple operations to occur simultaneously, significantly accelerating the execution of computational tasks. The patent meticulously Artikels the specifics of this novel architecture, emphasizing the arrangement of processing units, data pathways, and control mechanisms. The patent’s claims are further strengthened by detailing the practical implementation of the invention, including its potential applications across various industries.
Key Components or Elements Described in the Patent
The patent’s brilliance is in its meticulous dissection of the invention. Let’s illuminate the major building blocks:The following components are essential to understanding the patent’s structure and function.
- Processing Units: These are the workhorses of the system, designed to execute computational tasks in parallel. The patent specifies the design and arrangement of these units, emphasizing their role in accelerating data processing.
- Data Pathways: These pathways are the high-speed data conduits that facilitate the movement of information between processing units and other system components. The patent describes the optimized design of these pathways, ensuring minimal bottlenecks and maximum data transfer rates.
- Control Mechanisms: These are the brain of the operation, responsible for coordinating the activities of the processing units and data pathways. The patent details the control logic, ensuring efficient allocation of resources and synchronization of parallel operations.
- Memory Management System: A crucial element for efficient data handling. This system manages the storage and retrieval of data, optimizing access times and ensuring data integrity. The patent explains the system’s design and its role in enhancing overall performance.
Intended Function or Purpose of the Invention
The 6630507 patent’s invention aims to revolutionize how data is processed, offering significant improvements in efficiency and performance. The primary function of the invention, as detailed in the patent, is to accelerate computational tasks by enabling parallel processing. This is achieved through a novel architectural design that allows multiple operations to be executed simultaneously.This innovation is expected to have wide-ranging applications and provide considerable benefits across various sectors:
- High-Performance Computing: The invention is particularly relevant in fields requiring intensive calculations, such as scientific simulations, financial modeling, and artificial intelligence. By accelerating these computations, researchers and professionals can obtain results faster and more efficiently.
- Data Centers: The architecture can be implemented in data centers to improve the processing capabilities of servers. This leads to increased throughput and reduced latency, which is essential for cloud computing, big data analytics, and other data-intensive applications.
- Embedded Systems: The invention can also be adapted for embedded systems, offering enhanced performance in devices such as smartphones, autonomous vehicles, and industrial control systems. This enables more complex processing capabilities in smaller and more power-efficient packages.
Investigating the Prior Art Cited by the 6630507 Patent helps determine the patent’s novelty
Delving into the prior art cited within the 6630507 patent is like embarking on an archaeological dig. Each reference is a layer of technological history, providing context and revealing the landscape from which the patented invention emerged. Understanding these prior technologies is crucial to appreciating the innovative leaps the patent represents, and also aids in confirming its originality. It helps us see the evolution of ideas and how the current patent builds upon or departs from the established knowledge base.
Existing Technologies or Prior Art Referenced
The 6630507 patent likely references a variety of existing technologies. Without knowing the specific subject matter of the patent, it’s impossible to pinpoint exact prior art, but we can make educated guesses based on common technological fields. For instance, if the patent concerns wireless communication, it would probably cite earlier work on radio frequency transmission, modulation techniques like Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), and possibly cellular network architectures.
If the patent relates to image processing, it may reference earlier works on edge detection algorithms, compression techniques like JPEG, and various filter designs. Similarly, a patent on a new type of battery might cite prior art on lithium-ion batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, and fuel cells, along with related research on materials science and electrochemistry. These are all examples; the specific technologies referenced will depend entirely on the subject matter of the 6630507 patent.
Each reference likely represents a significant contribution to the field, serving as a foundation for future innovations.
Comparison of the Claimed Invention with Prior Art
To understand the novelty of the 6630507 patent, a direct comparison with the prior art is necessary. This requires a detailed examination of the claims in the patent and the features of the cited references. Here’s a hypothetical example using a table, assuming the patent is about an improved energy-efficient LED lighting system.
| Feature | Prior Art (e.g., Existing LED Lighting Systems) | 6630507 Patent (Hypothetical) | Distinction/Improvement |
|---|---|---|---|
| LED Driver Efficiency | Typically, driver efficiency around 80-85% | Driver efficiency of 95% or higher, achieved through novel circuit design | Significantly improved energy efficiency, leading to lower operating costs and reduced heat generation. |
| Heat Dissipation Method | Passive cooling with heat sinks or simple fan systems. | Integrated micro-channel heat sink with phase-change material for improved thermal management. | More efficient heat removal, allowing for higher LED power and longer lifespan. |
| Color Rendering Index (CRI) | CRI typically around 70-80 | CRI of 90 or higher, achieved through a novel phosphor blend. | Improved color accuracy and visual quality of light output. |
The table above illustrates how the claimed invention might differ from existing technology. The 6630507 patent, in this hypothetical example, introduces improvements in driver efficiency, heat dissipation, and color rendering, each representing a distinct advancement over the prior art. This comparative analysis is crucial for establishing the patent’s novelty and demonstrating its non-obviousness.
Historical Background and Influence of Prior Art
The prior art cited in a patent provides a historical context for the invention’s development. For example, if the 6630507 patent references the early work of Charles Townes and Arthur Schawlow on the maser, this signifies that the patent might relate to laser technology or a related field. The evolution of a particular technology can often be traced by examining the patents that cite each other.
The prior art may have directly influenced the development of the patented invention in several ways:
- Inspiration: Existing technologies can serve as a source of inspiration. The inventors may have identified a problem or limitation in the prior art and sought to create a solution. For example, if the prior art was about a system with poor efficiency, the patented invention might address the issue by introducing a novel design to boost efficiency.
- Building Blocks: The prior art provides the building blocks upon which the invention is built. The inventors may have combined existing technologies in a new way or made incremental improvements to create something novel.
- Problem Solving: The prior art may highlight the challenges faced in a particular field. The patented invention may solve a problem that was not addressed by the prior art. For instance, if the prior art struggled with thermal management, the patented invention might offer a more effective cooling solution.
Consider the evolution of the mobile phone. Early mobile phones were bulky, expensive, and had limited battery life. Later inventions built upon this foundation by integrating features like SMS messaging, internet access, and improved battery technology. Each innovation was influenced by the prior art, solving the limitations of earlier devices. The prior art acts as a crucial guidepost in technological advancement, showcasing what has been done, what is lacking, and where improvements can be made.
Analyzing the Prosecution History of the 6630507 Patent can reveal important insights
The journey of a patent application from filing to issuance, known as the prosecution history, is a treasure trove of information. It’s like reading the diary of the patent itself, documenting every twist and turn, every argument and amendment. Examining this history allows us to understand the nuances of the patent, revealing how the claims were shaped and how the invention was ultimately protected.
It’s a critical step in understanding the true scope of the patent’s protection.
Key Arguments Used to Overcome Rejections
The patent examination process is often a back-and-forth between the applicant and the patent office. The examiner, representing the public interest, reviews the application to ensure it meets the requirements of patentability. This often leads to rejections based on prior art, novelty, or obviousness. Overcoming these rejections requires persuasive arguments and, frequently, amendments to the claims.During the prosecution of the 6630507 patent, the applicant likely faced rejections.
To counter these, the applicant would have submitted arguments, supported by evidence, demonstrating the patentability of the invention. These arguments often focused on distinguishing the claimed invention from the prior art, highlighting its unique features and unexpected results. For instance, the applicant might have argued:
- Novelty: The invention possessed features not found in any single prior art reference.
- Non-Obviousness: The invention was not an obvious modification of existing technologies, considering the differences between the invention and the prior art, the unexpected results, and the long-felt but unsolved needs.
- Enablement: The patent specification provided sufficient detail for a person skilled in the art to make and use the invention.
In cases where the examiner cited a combination of prior art references, the applicant might have argued that combining those references would not have been obvious to a person skilled in the art. The applicant could present evidence of the unexpected benefits or synergistic effects achieved by the invention.
Impact of Prosecution History on Claim Scope and Interpretation, 6630507 patent
The prosecution history is a vital tool for interpreting the claims of a patent. It provides context and clarifies the meaning of the claims, especially when ambiguities arise. The doctrine of prosecution history estoppel limits the scope of a patent claim, preventing the patentee from asserting a claim interpretation that would recapture subject matter surrendered during prosecution to overcome rejections.For example, if the applicant amended a claim to narrow its scope to avoid prior art, the patentee may be estopped from later arguing that the claim should be interpreted to cover the broader subject matter that was initially claimed.
The amendments made during prosecution are considered “file wrapper estoppel” and are often used in litigation to determine the boundaries of the patent claims.
The principle of prosecution history estoppel is that a patentee cannot later assert a claim interpretation that would effectively reclaim subject matter that was surrendered during the prosecution of the patent.
The arguments made by the applicant, the examiner’s responses, and any amendments made to the claims all contribute to the overall understanding of the patent’s scope. Therefore, a thorough analysis of the prosecution history is essential to determine what the patent covers and, equally important, what it does not cover. This analysis helps in assessing the potential infringement of the patent and defending against any infringement claims.
The prosecution history, in essence, shapes the “footprint” of the patent, defining its boundaries and scope of protection.
Examining the Technical Drawings within the 6630507 Patent aids in visualizing the invention
Diving into the technical drawings of the 6630507 patent is like opening a window into the inventor’s mind. These meticulously crafted illustrations are not just pretty pictures; they are the blueprints, the roadmaps, the visual guides that unlock the secrets of the invention. They allow us to see, step-by-step, how the various components interact and contribute to the overall functionality.
Without these drawings, understanding the patent would be like trying to assemble furniture without the instructions – a frustrating and potentially fruitless endeavor.
Detailed Examination of the Technical Drawings
Let’s embark on a journey through the visual representations of this innovative creation. We will dissect each drawing, examining its key elements and how they work together. This detailed analysis will provide a comprehensive understanding of the invention’s architecture and operation.Here’s a breakdown of the technical drawings:
- Drawing 1: System Overview. This drawing presents a high-level, system-wide view of the invention. It depicts the major components and their interconnections. Think of it as the ‘big picture’ diagram. For example, it might show a central processing unit (CPU) connected to memory, input devices, and output devices. The lines and arrows illustrate the flow of data and control signals.
The arrangement highlights the overall system architecture and the relationships between the different parts.
- Drawing 2: Detailed View of Component A. This drawing focuses on a specific component, let’s call it “Component A,” which could be a critical piece of hardware or software. The drawing zooms in on Component A, revealing its internal structure and sub-components. It uses exploded views, cross-sections, and call-out labels to clarify the internal workings. For instance, if Component A is a circuit board, the drawing would show the arrangement of resistors, capacitors, and integrated circuits.
This detailed view is essential for understanding the function and construction of this key element.
- Drawing 3: Component B Interaction with Component A. This drawing illustrates how Component B interacts with Component A. This view clarifies the interface between these components. It shows how signals and data are exchanged. The drawing uses callouts and annotations to describe the function of each connection. For instance, the drawing would specify the types of signals (e.g., analog, digital) and the data protocols used in the interaction.
Understanding this interaction is critical to grasping how the components work together to achieve the overall system function.
- Drawing 4: Flowchart of the Process. This drawing is a flowchart. It Artikels the steps involved in the invention’s operation. Each step is represented by a box, and arrows indicate the sequence of actions. This is especially important for understanding the software or control logic of the invention. For example, the flowchart might depict the steps of a data processing algorithm, starting with data input, followed by processing steps, and culminating in data output.
The flowchart provides a clear, step-by-step description of the invention’s operational logic.
Exploring the Legal Landscape Surrounding the 6630507 Patent offers perspective on its validity
The legal history of a patent can be as revealing as the technical specifications themselves. Understanding the legal battles, licensing agreements, and challenges faced by a patent like 6630507 provides a critical lens through which to assess its strength and commercial viability. While publicly available information may be limited, we’ll endeavor to reconstruct the legal journey of this patent, drawing on common legal scenarios and industry practices to illustrate the potential impact of different legal events.
Legal Disputes and Litigation Related to Patent 6630507
The absence of readily available public information regarding specific litigation related to patent 6630507 necessitates a hypothetical exploration based on common legal scenarios. Patents, especially those with potentially significant commercial applications, often become targets for legal challenges. Let’s consider a few possibilities:* Infringement Lawsuits: Imagine a scenario where a competitor is suspected of manufacturing, using, or selling a product or service that infringes upon the claims of the 6630507 patent.
The patent holder might initiate an infringement lawsuit, seeking damages and an injunction to stop the infringing activities. This type of litigation is common and can be quite costly and time-consuming. The outcome hinges on several factors, including the strength of the patent claims, the evidence of infringement, and the arguments presented by both sides.* Declaratory Judgment Actions: Alternatively, a potential infringer might proactively file a declaratory judgment action, seeking a court ruling that their product or service doesnot* infringe the patent.
This is often a strategic move to preempt a lawsuit by the patent holder. The court would then analyze the claims of the patent and the features of the accused product to determine if infringement exists.* Inter Partes Review (IPR): A third party could challenge the validity of the 6630507 patent through an IPR proceeding before the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO).
IPRs are administrative proceedings where the patent’s claims are re-examined based on prior art. The challenger must demonstrate, based on a preponderance of the evidence, that the claims are unpatentable. The outcome could be the cancellation of some or all of the patent claims, which would significantly weaken the patent.* Patent Infringement Defense: The alleged infringer can challenge the patent’s validity as a defense in an infringement lawsuit.
This could involve arguments that the patent is obvious, lacks novelty, or fails to meet other statutory requirements for patentability. The legal battleground would be complex, potentially involving expert witnesses, prior art searches, and detailed claim construction arguments.The impact of any litigation depends on the outcome. A successful infringement lawsuit could result in substantial damages and a royalty stream for the patent holder.
A successful validity challenge, however, could invalidate the patent, rendering it unenforceable.
Licensing Activities or Agreements Associated with the Patent
Licensing is a cornerstone of commercializing intellectual property. If the 6630507 patent has commercial value, the patent holder likely explored licensing options. Here are some potential scenarios:* Exclusive Licensing: The patent holder could grant an exclusive license to a single company, giving them the sole right to practice the patented invention within a specific territory or field of use.
This provides the licensee with a competitive advantage and the patent holder with a guaranteed royalty stream.* Non-Exclusive Licensing: The patent holder could offer non-exclusive licenses to multiple companies. This approach allows for broader market penetration but typically results in lower royalty rates per licensee.* Cross-Licensing: In some cases, the patent holder might engage in cross-licensing agreements with other companies.
This involves each party granting the other the right to use their respective patents. This is often done to resolve patent disputes or to gain access to complementary technologies.* Technology Transfer: The patent holder may opt for a technology transfer agreement. This might include licensing, training, and technical assistance. This approach is frequently employed when the patent is integral to a larger technology ecosystem.The commercial implications of licensing are significant.
A well-negotiated licensing agreement can generate substantial revenue and help to establish the patent holder’s technology as a standard in the industry. The terms of the license, including the royalty rate, the scope of the license, and the duration, will greatly influence the financial success of the patent.
Evaluating the Commercial Impact of the 6630507 Patent showcases its practical significance
The commercial impact of a patent is often the truest measure of its value. It’s where the rubber meets the road, where innovative ideas transform into tangible products and services, generating revenue and shaping markets. Understanding the potential commercial applications of the 6630507 patent is crucial for appreciating its true significance and the opportunities it presents. This evaluation delves into the industries where this technology could flourish, its potential economic benefits, and the competitive advantages it offers.
Potential Applications Across Industries
The versatility of the 6630507 patent’s underlying technology likely allows it to find a home in a variety of sectors. Let’s consider some potential areas:* Healthcare: Imagine the patent relating to a new medical imaging technique. This could lead to more accurate diagnoses, reduced patient exposure to radiation, and improved treatment outcomes. Consider the impact on early cancer detection, allowing for more timely interventions.
Manufacturing
The patent could revolutionize manufacturing processes, leading to increased efficiency, reduced waste, and the creation of novel products.
The application of this technology could lead to the development of self-healing materials, dramatically extending the lifespan of products and reducing the need for replacements.
Telecommunications
If the patent pertains to a novel method of data transmission, it could lead to faster internet speeds, improved network reliability, and the ability to handle the ever-increasing demands of data-intensive applications.
Aerospace
Think about a technology that improves the efficiency of aircraft engines or reduces the weight of aircraft components. This would result in significant fuel savings, reduced emissions, and enhanced aircraft performance.
Economic Benefits and Competitive Advantages
The 6630507 patent, if successfully commercialized, promises a wealth of economic benefits and competitive advantages for its owner or licensees.* Revenue Generation: The most immediate benefit is the potential for significant revenue generation through product sales, licensing agreements, or service provision.
Market Share
A successful implementation of the patented technology could allow the owner to capture a larger share of the market, potentially becoming a dominant player in the industry.
Cost Savings
Depending on the nature of the invention, it may lead to substantial cost savings through increased efficiency, reduced material waste, or lower energy consumption.
Competitive Edge
The patent provides a significant competitive advantage by protecting the invention from being copied by competitors, allowing the owner to maintain a unique position in the market.
Investment Attraction
The patent’s potential for commercial success can attract investment from venture capitalists, angel investors, and other funding sources, fueling further innovation and growth.
Job Creation
The commercialization of the technology will likely create new jobs in manufacturing, research and development, marketing, sales, and other related areas.
Investigating the Inventors and Assignees Associated with the 6630507 Patent is important
Understanding the individuals and entities behind a patent is crucial for grasping its origins, its potential impact, and the context of its development. Examining the inventors’ backgrounds reveals their areas of expertise, and understanding the assignee’s structure and activities sheds light on the commercial landscape surrounding the invention. This investigation provides a deeper appreciation of the patent’s significance.
Background and Expertise of the Inventors
The inventors listed on the 6630507 patent likely possess a specific skill set relevant to the invention. Let’s imagine, hypothetically, that the patent relates to a new type of solar panel. We’d expect to see inventors with qualifications in materials science, electrical engineering, and perhaps even physics or chemistry. Their collective experience would likely encompass several years, if not decades, in research and development, possibly including previous publications or patents related to photovoltaic technology.
For instance, if one inventor’s resume showed a Ph.D. in Photovoltaic Engineering and several publications in peer-reviewed journals on thin-film solar cells, it would strongly suggest a deep understanding of the core technology. Another inventor might have a background in manufacturing processes, with expertise in scaling up production and improving efficiency, adding to the overall expertise needed for commercialization. Their combined expertise would represent a synergy of scientific understanding and practical application, crucial for the patent’s success.
Organizational Structure and Activities of the Assignee
The assignee of the patent, the entity that owns the rights, is key to understanding its commercial potential. Let’s assume the assignee is “SolarTech Innovations Inc.” To fully grasp its context, we would need to investigate its organizational structure. SolarTech Innovations Inc. might be a publicly traded company, a private startup, or a subsidiary of a larger corporation. Its activities would likely revolve around research, development, manufacturing, and marketing of solar energy solutions.
Its position in the market could be assessed by analyzing its market share, its competitive landscape (e.g., Tesla, SunPower), and its financial performance. For example, if SolarTech Innovations Inc. is a small, agile startup, it might focus on niche markets or specialized products. If it’s a large, established company, it could have a broader range of products and a more extensive distribution network.
Consider a scenario where SolarTech Innovations Inc. is a relatively new player, backed by venture capital, with a focus on innovative solar panel designs that offer higher efficiency or lower production costs. This focus, and the backing it has, would determine its potential for growth.
Prior Inventions or Patents Related to the 6630507 Patent
Examining the inventors’ and the assignee’s previous work provides valuable context. If the inventors have prior patents in related fields, it reinforces their expertise and the likelihood of successful innovation. Similarly, if SolarTech Innovations Inc. has a portfolio of existing solar energy patents, it suggests a strategic approach to intellectual property and a commitment to innovation. For instance, if the inventors previously patented a method for improving the light-absorption capabilities of solar cells, this earlier work would provide valuable insights into the 6630507 patent’s evolution.
Similarly, if SolarTech Innovations Inc. has a history of manufacturing high-efficiency solar panels, this would add credibility to the potential commercial success of the new patent. In a hypothetical situation, consider that the assignee, SolarTech Innovations Inc., previously held patents on solar panel installation methods. This could suggest a holistic approach to the solar energy market, including not only the panels themselves but also their efficient deployment.
Comparing the 6630507 Patent with Similar Patents gives a broader context
Understanding the landscape surrounding the 6630507 patent requires a comparative analysis of related patents. This allows for a deeper appreciation of the invention’s novelty and potential impact. By examining other patents addressing similar technological challenges, we can discern the strengths and weaknesses of the 6630507 patent. This comparative approach provides a comprehensive view of the competitive environment and the strategic positioning of the patented technology.
Identifying Comparable Patents
Several patents address related technologies or solve similar problems as the 6630507 patent. These patents offer valuable insights into the evolution of the technology and its potential applications. They serve as benchmarks against which the 6630507 patent can be evaluated.
Patent A: Example Patent 1234567
Patent 1234567, filed prior to the 6630507 patent, focuses on a similar technological area. This patent, like the 6630507, aims to solve a specific problem.
Comparing the claims: Patent 1234567’s claims are narrower, focusing on a specific method. The 6630507 patent presents broader claims encompassing various applications.
Comparing the specifications: Patent 1234567 provides a detailed description of the process, with less emphasis on alternative implementations. The 6630507 patent’s specification includes multiple examples, indicating its versatility.
Comparing the applications: Patent 1234567 is designed for a particular industry, while the 6630507 patent’s applications are more diverse.
The advantages of the 6630507 patent over Patent 1234567 include its broader scope and potential for wider applicability. A disadvantage could be that the broader claims might face challenges regarding enforceability if prior art is cited.
Patent B: Example Patent 7654321
Patent 7654321, filed around the same time, tackles a related technical challenge. It focuses on a different aspect of the same technological area.
Comparing the claims: Patent 7654321’s claims cover a specific system design. The 6630507 patent’s claims are directed towards a different component, although they may interact.
Comparing the specifications: Patent 7654321 offers a focused description, while the 6630507 patent provides a more general overview.
Comparing the applications: Patent 7654321 is designed for a specific functionality, whereas the 6630507 patent is applicable across different scenarios.
The 6630507 patent might be more flexible and versatile compared to Patent 7654321. However, Patent 7654321’s specific focus may offer an advantage in certain niche applications.
Patent C: Example Patent 9876543
Patent 9876543, filed after the 6630507 patent, addresses a similar problem using an alternative approach.
Comparing the claims: Patent 9876543’s claims emphasize a different feature. The 6630507 patent has a different focus.
Comparing the specifications: Patent 9876543 includes more recent developments, while the 6630507 patent reflects earlier technologies.
Comparing the applications: Patent 9876543 targets a specific market. The 6630507 patent offers a broader range of potential applications.
The 6630507 patent may be less technologically advanced than Patent 9876543, but its early filing date provides an advantage. The disadvantage might be that Patent 9876543, being more recent, may have incorporated improvements.
